What did this do to the size of the United States?
Manifest Destiny, a phrase coined in 1845, is the idea that the United States is destined—by God, its advocates believed—to aggrandize its dominion and spread republic and capitalism across the entire North American continent. The philosophy collection 19th-century U.S. territorial expansion and was used to justify the forced removal of Native Americans and other groups from their homes. The rapid expansion of the U.s. intensified the result of slavery as new states were added to the Matrimony, leading to the outbreak of the Civil War.
Louisiana Buy
Thanks to a loftier birth charge per unit and brisk immigration, the U.S. population exploded in the outset one-half of the 19th century, from around v 1000000 people in 1800 to more than 23 million past 1850.
Such rapid growth—as well as two economic depressions in 1819 and 1839—would drive millions of Americans westward in search of new land and new opportunities.
President Thomas Jefferson kicked off the country'due south due west expansion in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase, which at some 828,000 square miles nearly doubled the size of the United States and stretched from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. In add-on to sponsoring the western expedition of Lewis and Clark of 1805-07, Jefferson also prepare his sights on Spanish Florida, a procedure that was finally ended in 1819 nether President James Monroe.
Just critics of that treaty faulted Monroe and his secretary of land, John Quincy Adams, for yielding to Kingdom of spain what they considered legitimate claims on Texas, where many Americans connected to settle.
In 1823, Monroe invoked Manifest Destiny when he spoke before Congress to warn European nations non to interfere with America's Westward expansion, threatening that any attempt by Europeans to colonize the "American continents" would be seen equally an human action of war. This policy of an American sphere of influence and of not-intervention in European affairs became known as the "Monroe Doctrine." Subsequently 1870, it would be used as a rationale for U.Southward. intervention in Latin America.
Texas Independence
Cries for the "re-looting" of Texas increased after United mexican states, having won its independence from Spain, passed a constabulary suspending U.Southward. immigration into Texas in 1830.
Withal, there were still more Anglo settlers in Texas than Hispanic ones, and in 1836, after Texas won its own independence, its new leaders sought to join the United States. The administrations of both Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren resisted such calls, fearing both state of war with Mexico and opposition from Americans who believed calls for annexation were linked with the desire to expand slavery in the Southwest.
But John Tyler, who won the presidency in 1840, was determined to proceed with the annexation. An agreement ended in April 1844 made Texas eligible for admission every bit a U.S. territory, and possibly later every bit one or more than states.
Despite opposition to this agreement in Congress, the pro-annexation candidate James Thousand. Polk won the 1844 election, and Tyler was able to push the pecker through and sign it before he left office.
The Coining of 'Manifest Destiny'
By the fourth dimension Texas was admitted to the Marriage equally a state in December 1845, the idea that the United States must inevitably expand westward all the way to the Pacific Sea had taken house hold among people from different regions, classes and political persuasions.
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The phrase "Manifest Destiny," which emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset, first appeared in an editorial published in the July-August 1845 issue of The Democratic Review.
In it, the writer criticized the opposition that still lingered against the annexation of Texas, urging national unity on behalf of "the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted past Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."
As the phrase also appeared in a nearly identical context in a July 1845 article in the New York Morning time News, its originator is believed to be John O'Sullivan, the editor of both the Democratic Review and the Morning News at the time. That December, another Morning time News article mentioned "manifest destiny" in reference to the Oregon Territory, another new borderland over which the United States was eager to assert its dominion.
Oregon Territory
An 1842 treaty betwixt Neat Britain and the United States partially resolved the question of where to draw the Canadian edge, but left open the question of the Oregon Territory, which stretched from the Pacific Declension to the Rocky Mountains over an expanse including what is now Oregon, Idaho, Washington Land and most of British Columbia.
Polk, an ardent proponent of Manifest Destiny, had won election with the slogan "54˚ 40' or fight!" (a reference to the potential northern boundary of Oregon as latitude 54˚ xl') and called U.S. claims to Oregon "clear and unquestionable" in his countdown address.
But every bit president, Polk wanted to get the result resolved so the United States could move on to acquiring California from Mexico. In mid-1846, his administration agreed to a compromise whereby Oregon would exist split along the 49th parallel, narrowly avoiding a crisis with Great britain.
Touch on of Manifest Destiny: The Civil State of war, Native American Wars
Past the time the Oregon question was settled, the United States had entered into all-out state of war with United mexican states, driven by the spirit of Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War in 1848, added an additional 525,000 square miles of U.S. territory, including all or parts of what is now California, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming.
Despite the lofty idealism of Manifest Destiny, the rapid territorial expansion over the first half of the 19th century resulted non only in state of war with Mexico, but in the dislocation and brutal mistreatment of Native American, Hispanic and other non-European occupants of the territories now being occupied by the Us.
U.S. expansion likewise fueled the growing debate over slavery, by raising the pressing question of whether new states existence admitted to the Spousal relationship would allow slavery or not—a disharmonize that would eventually pb to the Civil State of war.
Sources
Julius Due west. Pratt, "The Origin of 'Manifest Destiny'," The American Historical Review (July 1927).
Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: Norton, 2005).
Michael Golay, The Tide of Empire: America's March to the Pacific
Era of U.S. Continental Expansion, History, Fine art & Archives: U.S House of Representatives.
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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/westward-expansion/manifest-destiny
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